![]() Reproductive maturity of the flower is reached when the stigma and anthers are ready for pollination. It is initiated by the induction of a flower primordium, followed by subsequent cell divisions and expansion, which govern growth and final shape of the organ. Flower development requires a tight spatial and temporal regulation of cellular processes and is accompanied by changes in cellular metabolism. The authors have declared that no other competing interests exist.įlowers are amongst the most important plant organs as they are vital for the plant’s reproductive and evolutionary success. This does not alter the authors’ adherence to all the PLoS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. Ivan Baxter is a PLoS ONE Editorial Board member. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: Co-author Dr. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.įunding: This work was supported by the grant MCB-0615700 from the US National Science Foundation to ND and JAM and by the US National Science Foundation CAREER grant DBI-1054826 to OV. Received: ApAccepted: JPublished: July 11, 2012Ĭopyright: © 2012 Muhlemann et al. PLoS ONE 7(7):Įditor: Gustavo Bonaventure, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Germany (2012) Developmental Changes in the Metabolic Network of Snapdragon Flowers. Developmental gene expression patterns in the pathways involved in scent production were different from those of glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway, highlighting distinct developmental regulation of secondary metabolism and primary metabolic pathways feeding into it.Ĭitation: Muhlemann JK, Maeda H, Chang C-Y, San Miguel P, Baxter I, Cooper B, et al. The levels of transcripts and metabolites in pathways leading to scent formation were coordinately up-regulated during petal development, implying transcriptional induction of metabolic pathways preceding scent formation. Genes up-regulated during petal development were enriched in functions related to secondary metabolism, fatty acid catabolism, and amino acid transport, whereas down-regulated genes were enriched in processes involved in cell growth, cell wall formation, and fatty acid biosynthesis. Integrative analysis of transcripts and metabolites in snapdragon sepals and petals over flower development performed in this study revealed a profound developmental remodeling of gene expression and metabolite profiles in petals, but not in sepals. However, to date little is known about how flowers control their entire metabolic network to achieve the highly regulated production of metabolites attracting pollinators. Previous work has focused on elucidating the developmental regulation of pathways leading to the formation of pollinator-attracting secondary metabolites such as scent compounds and flower pigments. Evolutionary and reproductive success of angiosperms, the most diverse group of land plants, relies on visual and olfactory cues for pollinator attraction. ![]()
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